The German Genius

Detlef Felken, Oswald Spengler: Konservativer Denker zwischen Kaiserreich und Diktatur (Munich: Beck, 1988), pp. 68–76.
13. Marchand, Down from Olympus , p. 240.
14. Stibbe, German Anglophobia , p. 74.
15. Ibid., p. 75.
16. Ibid., p. 78.
17. Volker Berghahn, Perspectives on History (the newsmagazine of the American Historical Association, September 10, 2007): http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2000/0003/0003mem/cfm.
18. Ibid.
19. Fritz Stern, Failure of Illiberalism , p. 152. See Fritz Fischer, World Power or Decline: The Controversy over Germany’s Aims in the First World War , trans. Lancelot L. Farrar, Robert Kimber, and Rita Kimber (New York: W. W. Norton, 1974), for a reconsideration of the issue a decade later. “Treason” is discussed on p. viii.
20. Martha Hanna, The Mobilization of Intellect: French Scholars and Writers during the Great War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), p. 8.
21. Hanna, Mobilization of Intellect , p. 12.
22. Stuart Wallace, War and the Image of Germany: British Academics, 1914–1918 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1988), p. 7.
23. Ibid., p. 38. Ariel Roshwald and Richard Stites, eds., European Culture and the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment, and Propaganda (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 44.
24. Hanna, Mobilization of Intellect , p. 22.
25. Marchand, Down from Olympus , pp. 245–246.
26. Ibid., p. 258.
27. John Dewey, German Philosophy and Politics (New York: Henry Holt, 1915), p. 35.
28. Ibid., p. 14.
29. Ibid., p. 17.
30. Ibid., pp. 30–31.
31. Ibid., p. 45.
32. Ibid., p. 37.
33. Ibid., pp. 62–63.
34. Ibid., p. 73.
35. Ibid., p. 100.
36. George Santayana, Egotism in German Philosophy (London: J. M. Dent, 1916), p. xiii.
37. Ibid., p. xviii.
38. Ibid., p. 170.
39. Ibid., p. 62.
40. Ibid., p. 89.
41. Ibid., p. 103.
42. Ibid., p. 130.
43. Ibid., p. 168.
44. Trevor Dupuy, A Genius for War (London: Macdonald and Jane’s, 1977), p. 5. David Stone, in Fighting for the Fatherland: The Story of the German Soldier from 1648 to the Present Day (London: Conway, 2006), says, however, that toward the end of the war the Germans could renew their units with fresh men, much more than—in this case—the French. “In mid-March 1918 almost 200 German divisions stood ready to inflict that final crushing blow that would at least enable Germans to achieve their historic destiny” (p. 284). Then came the “stab-in-the-back.”
45. Dupuy, Genius for War , p. 177.
46. Alexander Watson, Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British Armies, 1914–1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 240.
47. Dupuy, Genius for War , p. 7.
48. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
49. David Charles, Between Genius and Genocide: The Tragedy of Fritz Haber, Father of Chemical Warfare (London: Jonathan Cape, 2005), pp. 156–157.
    C HAPTER 30: P RAYERS FOR A F ATHERLESS C HILD : T HE C ULTURE OF THE D EFEATED
     
1. Watson, Modern Mind/Terrible Beauty , p. 152. (The title for this chapter is taken from Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat: On National Trauma, Mourning and Recovery (London: Granta, 2003).
2. Patrick Bridgwater, The German Poets of the First World War (London: Croom, Helm, 1985), Foreword. Roshwald and Stites, eds., European Culture , p. 32.
3. Karl Ludwig Schneider, Der bildhafte Ausdruck in den Dichtungen Georg Heyms, Georg Trakls und Ernst Stadlers: Studien zum lyrischen Sprachstil des deutschen Expressionismus (Heidelberg: C. Winter, 1961); Eduard Lachmann, Kreuz und Abend: Eine Interpretation der Dichtungen Georg Trakls (Salzburg: O. Müller, 1954).
4. Bridgwater, German Poets , p. 16.
5. Ibid., p. 191.
6. Ibid., p. 169.
7. Jeremy Adler, ed., August Stramm: Alles ist Gedicht; Briefe, Gedichte, Bilder, Dokumente (Zurich: Arche, 1990), pp. 95ff. for the poems, 9ff. for his letters from the war. Photo frontispiece.
8. Francis Sharp says few poets “of any nationality or language have come to such serenely poetic terms with the holocaust of twentieth-century warfare.” Francis Sharp, The Poet’s Madness: A Reading of Georg Trakl (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981), pp. 188.
9. Bridgwater, German Poets , p. 171.
10. Ibid., p. 44.
11. Ibid., p. 172.
12. Ibid.
13. Roshwald and Stites, eds., European Culture , pp. 38–39 for film, p. 50 for Toller, pp. 150–151 for Kraus.
14. Deirdre Bair, Jung: A Biography (London: Little, Brown, 2004), pp. 207, 257.
15. Ibid., pp. 316–321. William McGuire, The Freud/Jung