Modern Mind

toward psychology, and his resistance to Marxism, see Loren R. Graham,
Science, Philosophy and Human Behaviour in the Soviet Union,
New York: Columbia University Press, 1987, page 161. This book is an updated version of
Science and Philosophy in the Soviet Union,
London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press, 1973.
    93. Josephson, Op.
cit.,
page 204.
    94. Krementsov, Op.
cit.,
page 40.
    95.
Ibid.,
page 43.
    96.
Ibid.,
page 47. See Graham, Op.
cit.,
page 117 for talk about social Darwinian engineering and a marriage to Marxism.
    97. See Josephson, Op.
cit.,
pages 225ft for an account of the ‘interference’ between Marxist philosophy and theoretical physics.
    98. Krementsov, Op.
cit.,
page 56; Graham,
Op. cit.,
page 241.
    99. Krementsov, Op.
cit.,
page 57. See also Graham, Op.
cit.,
chapters 4 and 6 for a discussion of the impact of Leninism on quantum mechanics and on relativity physics (chapters 10 and 11).
    100. Krementsov, Op.
cit.,
page 59.
    101. Graham,
Op. cit.,
page 108.
    102. Krementsov,
Op. cit.,
page 60.
    103. See Josephson,
Op. cit.,
page 269, for the fight put up by Russian physicists against the materialists, who were accused of playing ‘hide and seek’ with the evidence. See also Graham, Op.
cit.,
page 121.
    104. Krementsov, Op.
cit.,
page 60.
    105. Josephson, Op.
cit.,
page 308.
    106. Graham, Op.
cit.,
page 315.
    107. Krementsov, Op.
cit.,
pages 66–67.
    108.
Ibid.,
page 73.
    109.
Ibid.,
page 82.
    110. Graham,
Science in the Soviet Union, Op. cit.,
pages 129–130, for deuils of Vavilov’s fate.
    111. Gleb Struve,
Russian Literature under Lenin and Stalin, 1917–1953,
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971, pages 59ff.
    112.
A. Kemp-Welch, Stalin and the Literary Intelligentsia,1928–1939,
London: Macmillan, 1991, page 233.
    113. See: Dan Levy,
Stormy Petrel: The Life and Work of Maxim Gorky,
London: Frederick Muller, 1967, pages 313–318, for details of his relations with Stalin towards the end.
    114. Although RAPP itself was bitterly divided. See: Struve,
Op. cit.,
page 232; Kemp-Welch,
Op. cit.,
page 77.
    115. Kemp-Welch, Op.
cit.,
page 77.
    116.
Ibid.,
pages 169–170.
    117. See Struve, Op.
cit.,
chapter 20, pages 256ff.
    118. Edward J. Brown,
The Proletarian Episode in Russian Literature 1928–1932,
New York: Columbia University Press, 1953, pages 69–70, 96, 120 and 132.
    119. Struve, Op.
cit.,
page 261; Kemp-Welsh, Op.
cit.,
page 175.
    120. See Brown, Op.
cit.,
page 182 for what the Politburo said of Shostakovich; Kemp-Welsh, Op.
cit.,
page 178.
    121. See Nadezhda Mandelstam,
Hope Against Hope,
London: Collins and Harvill Press, 1971, pages 217–221 for Mandelstam’s relations with Akhmatova.
    122. John and Carol Garrard,
Inside the Soviet Writers’ Union,
London: I. B. Tauris, 1990, pages 58–59.
    123. Shentalinsky, Op.
cit.,
page 191.
    124.
Ibid.,
page 193.
    125. Garrard and Garrard, Op.
cit.,
page 38; see also Shentalinsky, Op.
cit.,
pages 70–71 for Ehrenburg’s attempted defence of Babel.
    126. Kemp-Welch, Op.
cit.,
page 223.
    127.
Ibid.,
page 224.
    128. I. Ehrenburg,
Men, Years-Life,
London, 1963, volume 4,
The Eve of War,
page 96, quoted in: Kemp-Welch, Op.
cit.,
page 198.

CHAPTER 18: COLD COMFORT
    1. Lewis Jacobs,
The Rise of the American Film, A Critical History,
New York: Harcourt Brace, 1939, page 419.
    2.
Alfred Knight, The Liveliest Art, Op. cit., page 156.
    3.
Ibid.,
pages 164–165.
    4. Jacobs,
Op. cit.:
see the ‘still’ between pages 428 and 429.
    5. Knight, Op.
cit.,
page 257.
    6.
Ibid.,
pages 261–262. See also Jacobs, Op.
cit.,
for a list of some prominent directors of the period.
    7. Knight, Op.
cit.,
page 222.
    8. Kristin Thompson and David Bordwell,
Film History,
New York: McGraw Hill, 1994, page 353.
    9. Knight, Op.
cit.,
page 225.
    10.
Ibid.,
pages 226–227.
    11. Thompson and Bordwell, Op.
cit.,
page 354.
    12. W H. Auden, ‘Night Mail’, July, 1935. See Edward Mendelsohn (editor).
The English Auden,
London and Boston: Faber & Faber, 1977.
    13. Knight, Op.
cit.,
page 211.
    14. Thomson and Bordwell, Op.
cit.,
page 309.
    15.
Ibid.,
page 310.
    16. Knight,
Op. cit.,
page 212. Riefenstahl later said that she was only ever interested in art and was unaware of the Nazis’ persecutions, a claim that film historians have contested. See Thompson and Bordwell, Op.
cit.,
page 320.
    17. John Lucas,
The Modern Olympic Games,
Cranbury, New Jersey: A. S. Barnes, 1980.
    18. Allen Guttman,
The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games,
Urbana and Chicago: